与“全红”瓯江彩鲤体色相关的SRAP及SCAR分子标记

利用相关序列扩增多态性(Sequence Related Amplified Polymorphism,SRAP)技术分析"全红"和"粉玉"瓯江彩鲤,筛选与瓯江彩鲤体色相关的分子遗传标记。从88个SRAP引物组合筛选出的12个引物组合共获得扩增条带104个,并筛选出1个SRAP特异扩增带,即"全红"瓯江彩鲤家系SR2,7173 bp带。该条SRAP特异扩增条带经回收、克隆和测序,并将测序结果进行BLAST分析,发现该片段在GenBank中与斑马鱼的POl多蛋白基因和尿红素基因有较高的同源性。根据序列信息分别设计了4对正、反向引物(22—26 bp)。用4对引物分别在"全红"瓯江彩鲤F2和"粉玉"瓯江彩鲤F2群体中进行PCR扩增,仅发现SC-3(154 bp)能够在"全红"瓯江彩鲤群体中特异扩增,而且在"粉玉"瓯江彩鲤F2群体中未出现此扩增带。采用大样本对该SC-3标记进行验证,结果发现,在"全红"瓯江彩鲤群体中呈现阳性,而在"粉玉"瓯江彩鲤群体中为阴性,可以区分这两种群体。因此SC-3标记可以作为"全红"瓯江彩鲤群体一个重要的分子遗传特征指标,为进一步进行分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础。     

Hotspots of biotic compositional change in lakes along vast latitudinal transects in northern Canada

Ecotones mark zones of rapid change in ecological structure at various spatial scales. They are believed to be particularly susceptible to shifts caused by environmental transformation, making them key regions for studying the effects of global change. Here, we explored the variation in assemblage structure of aquatic primary producer and consumer communities across latitudinal transects in northeastern North America (Québec‐Labrador) to identify spatial patterns in biodiversity that indicated the location of transition zones across the landscape. We analyzed species richness and the cumulative rate of compositional change (expressed as beta‐diversity) of diatoms and chironomids to detect any abrupt shifts in the rate of spatial taxonomic turnover. We used principal coordinates analysis to estimate community turnover with latitude, then applied piecewise linear regression to assess the position of ecotones. Statistically significant changes in assemblage composition occurred at 52 and 55°N, corresponding to the transition between closed‐ and open‐crown forest, and to the southern onset of the forest tundra (i.e., the forest limit), respectively. The spatial distribution of ecotones was most strongly related to air temperature for chironomids and to vegetation‐ and soil‐related chemical attributes of lake water for diatoms, including dissolved organic carbon content and water color. Lakes at mid‐ to high‐latitudes currently face pressures from rapidly rising temperatures, accompanied by large increases in organic carbon inputs from their catchments, often leading to browning and its associated effects. The biota at the base of food webs in lakes located in transition zones are disproportionately affected by the cascading effects of these multi‐factorial changes, concurrent with pronounced terrestrial greening observed in these regions. Similar patterns of biotic shifts have been observed along alpine aquatic transects, indicating the potential for widespread restructuring of cold, high‐altitude and high‐latitude freshwater communities due to global change.     

辅色剂对紫淮山花色苷稳定性的影响及其热降解动力学研究

为探究谷胱甘肽和没食子酸对紫淮山花色苷的辅色作用,本文研究了谷胱甘肽和没食子酸对紫淮山花色苷降解率、热稳定性及色差的影响。试验表明,谷胱甘肽和没食子酸能有效抑制花色苷的降解,且最佳添加量分别为0.03%和0.2%。在此添加量条件下,紫淮山花色苷在50、70、90℃水浴中的热降解均符合一级降解反应动力学规律。添加谷胱甘肽和没食子酸的紫淮山花色苷降解速率常数(k)小于对照组,半衰期(t 1/2)和活化能(Ea)高于对照组,说明谷胱甘肽和没食子酸能够增强花色苷的热稳定性。色差测定结果表明,经谷胱甘肽和没食子酸辅色后的紫淮山花色苷,其明度指数(L*)和色品指数(a*、b*)较对照组变化缓慢,颜色的稳定性增强。     

蒙农红豆草不同花色表型及色素成分特征分析

蒙农红豆草不仅是良好的饲草作物,还可以用作庭院观赏及蜜源植物。该研究以蒙农红豆草浅色花瓣突变体与对照群体中的粉红色、紫红色花瓣为试验材料,通过对花瓣颜色的表型和色素种类及含量的综合分析,明确影响花色形成的主要物质。结果表明:(1)蒙农红豆草浅色花突变体与对照的粉红色花和紫红色花为3种不同的色系,根据黄度(b*)和色相角(h°)将浅色花突变体的花色定义为黄白色花。(2)在3种花色中共检测到10种类黄酮和5种花青素,其中6种山奈酚衍生物、2种矮牵牛素衍生物、2种飞燕草素衍生物和1种锦葵素衍生物为首次在蒙农红豆草中报道;同时还发现山奈酚-3-芸香苷、山奈酚-3-葡萄糖苷和飞燕草素-3-羧基修饰芸香苷在3种花色中含量(36%~50%、21%~35%和27%~65%)最多。研究推测:芦丁、山奈酚-3-芸香苷-5-鼠李糖苷和山奈酚-3-p-香豆酰葡萄糖苷为影响蒙农红豆草花色变化的主要成分。     

Being a bright snake: Testing aposematism and mimicry in a neotropical forest

Based on color patterns and behavioral similarities, venomous coral snake Micrurus corallinus (Elapidae) may act as a model for two polymorphic species, Erythrolamprus aesculapii (Dipsadidae) and Micrurus decoratus (Elapidae). Plasticine replicas were used to investigate the aposematism of these coloration patterns and whether these species may be part of mimetic complexes in two Atlantic Forest localities in Southeast Brazil. Coral replicas were more avoided when set upon a white background, evincing that the pattern may act aposematically in contrast with light substrates. Birds attacked all four patterns equally during the mimicry experiments. Birds of prey, known to be effective in predating snakes, are quite abundant in the study areas, which may have led to this lack of avoidance. Accordingly, they predated more adult-sized replicas, which could be more dangerous. Interestingly, opossum avoided the Micrurus corallinus and Erythrolamprus aesculapii replicas that resembled the model. This suggests that opportunistic predators, as the opossum may be important selective agents in mimicry complexes.     

Speciation rates are correlated with changes in plumage color complexity in the largest family of songbirds

Although evolutionary theory predicts an association between the evolution of elaborate ornamentation and speciation, empirical evidence for links between speciation and ornament evolution has been mixed. In birds, the evolution of increasingly complex and colorful plumage may promote speciation by introducing prezygotic mating barriers. However, overall changes in color complexity, including both increases and decreases, may also promote speciation by altering the sexual signals that mediate reproductive choices. Here, we examine the relationship between complex plumage and speciation rates in the largest family of songbirds, the tanagers (Thraupidae). First, we test whether species with more complex plumage coloration are associated with higher speciation rates and find no correlation. We then test whether rates of male or female plumage color complexity evolution are correlated with speciation rates. We find that elevated rates of plumage complexity evolution are associated with higher speciation rates, regardless of sex and whether species are evolving more complex or less complex ornamentation. These results extend to whole-plumage color complexity and regions important in signaling (crown and throat) but not nonsignaling regions (back and wingtip). Our results suggest that the extent of change in plumage traits, rather than overall values of plumage complexity, may play a role in speciation.     

不同大豆品种上红绿两种色型豌豆蚜的种群参数

【目的】探讨不同大豆品种对红绿两种色型豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum种群参数的影响,为大豆品种的抗蚜性评价及豌豆蚜的预测预报与综合防治提供试验依据。【方法】在光周期10L∶14D、温度23±1℃,相对湿度60%±10%,光照强度212μmol/m~2·s的人工气候箱中,观察和分析4个大豆品种(汾豆牧绿2号、南夏豆25、南黑豆20和南豆5号)叶片上红绿两种色型豌豆蚜的成虫寿命、繁殖和种群生命表参数。【结果】在大豆品种汾豆牧绿2号上,红绿两种色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命均最短,繁殖力均最弱,且红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型长1.07 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的29.93倍;在南夏豆25上,红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型长2.46 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的5.86倍;在南黑豆20上,红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型长2.47 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的1.54倍;在南豆5号上,红色型豌豆蚜成虫寿命比绿色型短0.02 d,内禀增长率是绿色型豌豆蚜的1.41倍。【结论】不同大豆品种对红色和绿色型豌豆蚜种群参数的影响不同,且两种色型豌豆蚜对不同大豆品种适应性反应也不相同。     

哺乳动物毛色调控机制及其适应性进化研究进展

哺乳动物类群呈现出的丰富毛色是引人注目的一种生物现象,是研究和理解哺乳动物适应性进化的理想模型之一。哺乳动物的毛色多态在躲避天敌、捕食、求偶及抵御紫外线等方面都具有重要作用。哺乳动物毛发的色素化过程由体内黑色素的数量、质量和分布状况所决定。黑色素的形成过程复杂,包括黑素细胞的分化、成熟,黑素体等细胞器的形态发生及黑色素在黑素细胞中的合成代谢和转运等过程;而在细胞色素化的每个阶段/时相都伴随着一些重要功能基因的参与,并通过基因之间的相互作用形成了黑色素生物代谢的复杂调控网络,进而形成不同的毛色有助于哺乳动物适应不同生存环境。对哺乳动物不同毛色形成机制的探究一直以来都是遗传学及进化生物学的重要研究领域和聚焦热点。本文综述了哺乳动物毛色色素化过程的主要分子机制以及毛色适应性进化的遗传基础,以期为哺乳动物毛色多态及其适应性进化的分子机制研究提供参考。